In The Name Of God

Four Forces on an

Airplane

(mechanical engineering)

A force may be thought ofas a push or pull a specific direction.Aforce is a vector quantity so a force has both a magnitude and a direction. When describing forcec ,we have to specify both the magnitude and the direction.

This slide shows the forces that act on an airplane in flight.

WEIGHT

Weight is a force that is always directed toward the center of the earth.The magnitude of the weight depends on the mass of all the airplane parts,plus the amount of fuel. plus any payload on board (people, baggage,frieght,etc).The weight is distributed throughout the airplane. But we can often think of it as collected and acting through a single point called the center of gravity .In flight , the airplane rotates about the center of gravity.

Flying encompasses two major problems; overcoming the eight of an object by some opposing force, and controlling the object in flight.Both of these problems are related to the object's weight and the location of the center of gravity.During a flight , an airplanes's weight constantly changes as the aircraft consumes fuel.The distribution of the weight and the center of gravity also changes.So the pilot must constantly adjust the controls to keep the airplane balanced , or trimmed.

LIFT

To overcome the weight force , airplanes generate an opposing force called lift. Lift is generated by the motion of the airplane through the air and is an aerodynamic force."Aero"

stands for the air , and "dynamic" denotes motion .Lift is directed perpendicular to the flight

direction.The magnitude of the lift depends on several factors including the shape,size, and velocity of the aircraft. As with weight ,each part of the aircraft contributes to the aircraft lift force.Most of the lift is generated by the wings. Airraft lift acts through a single point called the center of pressure.The center of pressure is defined just like the center of gravity, but using the pressure distribution around the body instead of the weight distribution.

The distribution of the lift around the aircraft is important for solving the control problem.

Aerodynamic surfaces are used to control the aircraft in roll, pitch, and yaw.

DRAG

As the airplane moves through the air,there is another aerodynamic force present.The air

resists the motion of the aircraft and the resistance force is called drag.Drag is directed along

and opposed to the flight direction. Like lift, there are many factors that affect the manitude

of the drag force including the shape of the aircraft, the "stickiness" of the air, and the velocity

of the aircraft. Like lift, we collect all of the individual components' drags and combine them into a single aircraft drag magnitude. And like lift, drag acts through the aircraft center of pressure.

THRUST

To overcome drag,airplanes use apropulsion system to generate a force called thrudt.The

direction of the thrust force depends on how the engines are attachad to the aircraft. In the figue shown above, two turbine engines are located under the wings,parallel to the body, with

thrust acting along the body centerline.On some aircraft, sach as the Harrier, the thrust direction can be varied to help the airplane take off in a very short distance.The magnitude of

the thrust depends on many factors associated with the propulsion system including the type of the engine, and the throttle setting.

For jet engines, it is often confusing to remember that aircraft thrust is a reaction to the hot gas rushing out of the nozzle.The hot gas goes out the back ,butthe thrust pushes towards the front.Action<--> reaction is explained by Newton's Third Law of Motion.

The motion of the airplane through the air depends on the relaitive strength anddirection of the forces shown above.If the forces are balanced, theaircraft cruises at constant velocity.If

the forces are unbalanced, the aircraft accelerates in the direction of the largest forces.

Note that the job of the engine is just to overcome the drag of the airplane, not to lift the airplane.A1 million pound airliner has 4 engines that produce a grand total of 200,000 of thrust

The wings are doing the lifting, not the engines.In fact,there are some aircraft, called gliders that have no engines at all, but fly just fine. Some external source of power has to be applied

to initiate the motion necessary for the wings to produce lift. But during flight,the weight is opposed by both lift and drag.Paper airplanes are the most obvious example, but there are

many kinds of gliders.Some gliders are piloted and are towed aloft by a powered aircraft, then

cut free to glide for long distance before landing.During reentry and landing, the Space Shuttle

is a glider; the rocket engines are used only to loft the Shuttle into space.

www.lerc.nasa.gov

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